Like "prolife feminist," the phrase "black Confederate" seems like an oxymoron. But the record
shows that many slaves and free blacks were a part of the South's military during the US Civil
War.
None other than abolitionist Frederick Douglass, a former slave and one of the most prominent
African Americans in history, declared:
There are at present moment [autumn 1861], many colored men in the Confederate Army
doing duty not only as cooks, servants, and laborers, but as real soldiers, having musket on
their shoulders and bullets in their pockets, ready to shoot down loyal troops and do all
that soldiers may do to destroy the Federal government and build up that of the traitors
and rebels.
Page 27
In Black Confederates and Afro-Yankees in Civil War Virginia, Professor Ervin L. Jordan, Jr.,
writes:
Numerous black Virginians served with Confederate forces as soldiers, sailors, teamsters,
spies, and hospital personnel.... I know of black Confederate sharp-shooters who saw
combat during the 1862 Seven Days Campaign and [of] the existence of black companies
[which] organized and drilled in Richmond in March-April 1865. Integrated companies of
black and white hospital workers fought against the Union army in the Petersburg trenches
during March 1865. There were several recruitment campaigns and charity balls held in
Virginia on behalf of black soldiers and special camps of instruction were established to
train them.
The book Black Confederates contains loads of
primary documents testifying to the role of African
Americans: letters, military documents, tributes,
obituaries, contemporaneous newspaper articles, and
more. In an 1862 letter to his uncle, a soldier at Camp
Brown in Knoxville, Tennessee, wrote that his
company had recently gunned down six Union
soldiers and that "Jack Thomas a colored person that
belongs to our company killed one of them."
An 1861 article in the Montgomery Advertiser says:
"We are informed that Mr. G.C. Hale, of Autauga County, yesterday tendered to Governor
Moore the services of a company of negroes, to assist in driving back the horde of abolition
sycophants who are now talking so flippantly of reducing to a conquered province the
Confederate States of the South."
The obituary of black South Carolinian Henry Brown states that he had never been a slave and
had served in three wars: the Mexican, the Spanish-American, and the Civil (on the side of the
South). He was given a 21-gun salute at his funeral.
In 1890, black Union veteran Joseph T. Wilson wrote in his book, The Black Phalanx: A History
of the Negro Soldiers of the United States, that New Orleans was home to two Native Guard
regiments, which comprised 3,000 "colored men." Referring to these regiments in an 1898 book,
Union Captain Dan Matson said: "Here is a strange fact. We find that the Confederates
themselves first armed and mustered the Negro as a solider in the late war."
Most blacks in the Confederate Army, though, were in supporting roles such as cook, musician,
nurse, and the catch-all "servant." However, a lot of them ended up fighting on the battlefield,
even though the South didn't officially induct black soldiers until late in the conflict. And all of
them — whether inducted or not, whether solider or some other position — were eligible for
military pensions from several Southern states (including Tennessee and Mississippi), an records
show that many of them signed up for these benefits.
A follow-up volume, Black Southerners in Confederate Armies, presents even more source
documents. A book from 1866 contains the recollection of a Union man whose compatriot killed
a black Confederate sniper "who, through his skill as a marksman, had done more injury to our
men that any dozen of his white compeers..." Union documents show Henry Marshall, a black
soldier with the 14th Kentucky Cavalry, being held in Northern prisoner of war camps. A
pension document from South Carolina reveals that "a free Negro who volunteered" for the army
served from August 1861 to the end of the war — over three and a half years. An obituary for
George Mathewson says that the former slave received "a Cross of Honor for bravery in action,"
based on his role as standard-bearer.
The New York Tribune noted "that the Rebels organized and employed 'Negro troops' a full year
before our government could be persuaded to do any thing of the sort." After the Battle of
Gettys-burg, the New York Herald reported: "Among the rebel prisoners who were marched
through Gettysburg there were observed seven negroes in uniform and fully accoutered as
soldiers."
An article from Smithsonian magazine relates: "A New York Times correspondent with Grant in
1863 wrote: 'The guns of the rebel battery were manned almost wholly by Negroes, a single
white man, or perhaps two, directing operations.'"
While it certainly couldn't be said that African Americans played a major military role in the
Southern army, they were definitely there. And some of them had even volunteered.
Friday, December 29, 2006
Many of the Pioneering Feminists Opposed Abortion
The idea that feminism equals the right to an abortion has become so ingrained that it -.iiems
ludicrous to think otherwise. "Prolife feminism" appears to be an inherent contradiction in terms.
Yet more than 20 founding mothers of the feminist movement — who helped secure women's
rights to vote, to own property, to use contraception, to divorce abusive husbands — were
adamantly opposed to abortion.
The most famous nineteenth-century feminist — Susan B. Anthony, she of the ill-fated dollar
coin — referred to abortion as "the horrible crime of child-murder." And that's just for starters.
She also called it "infanticide," "this most monstrous crime," "evil," and a "dreadful deed."
Surprisingly, given that unsparing language, she didn't believe that it should be made illegal.
Responding to an article in which a man called for the outlawing of abortion, Anthony writes:
"Much as I deplore the horrible crime of child-murder, earnestly as I desire its suppression, I
cannot believe with the writer of the above-mentioned article, that such a law would have the
desired effect. It seems to be only mowing off the top of the noxious weed, while the root
remains."
The root, she believed, was the horrible way in which women (and
children) were treated. As summed up in the book Prolife
Feminism, these pioneering women felt that "abortion was the
product of a social system that compelled women to remain
ignorant about their bodies, that enabled men to dominate them
sexually without taking responsibility for the consequences, that
denied women support during and after the resulting pregnancies,
and that placed far more value on a child's 'legitimacy' than on his
or her life and well-being."
Indeed, while Anthony gave women a lot of grief for ending a pregnancy, she reserved the most
vitriol for the men who knocked them up:
Guilty? Yes, no matter what the motive, love of ease, or a desire to save from suffering the
unborn innocent, the woman is awfully guilty who commits the deed. It will burden her
conscience in life, it will burden her soul in death; but oh! thrice guilty is he who, for selfish
gratification, heedless of her prayers, indifferent to her fate, drove her to the desperation
which impelled her to her crime.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Anthony's best friend for life, resented society's dictate that all women
must become mothers. Yet she also thought that "maternity is grand," but it must be on the
woman's own terms. Despite this, she railed against abortion. Like her pal, she referred to
abortions as "murder," "a crying evil," "abominations," and "revolting outrages against the laws
of nature and our common humanity." Also like Anthony, Stanton laid the blame for abortion at
the feet of men.
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, lionized as the first US woman to become a medical doctor (in 1849),
wrote in her diary:
The gross perversion and destruction of motherhood by the abortionist filled me with
indignation, and awakened active antagonism. That the honorable term "female
physician" should be exclusively applied to those women who carried on this shocking
trade seemed to me a horror. It was an utter degradation of what might and should become
a noble position for women.
Another prolife feminist was Victoria Woodhull, best known for being the first female candidate
.for US President (way back in 1870). Radical even by early feminist standards, she and her
sister, Tennnessee Claflin, declared that children had rights which began at conception. Their
essay "The slaughter of the Innocents" first discusses the abominable death rate of children under
five, then turns its sights on abortion:
We are aware that many women attempt to excuse themselves for procuring abortions,
upon the ground that it is not murder. But the fact of resort to so weak an argument only
shows the more palpably that they fully realize the enormity of the crime. Is it not equally
destroying the would-be future oak, to crush the sprout before it pushes its head above the
sod, as it is to cut down the sapling, or cut down the tree? Is it not equally to destroy life, to
crush it in its very germ, and to take it when the germ has evolved to any given point in its
line of development? Let those who can see any difference regarding the time when life,
once begun, is taken, console themselves that they are not murderers having b««n
abortionists.
ludicrous to think otherwise. "Prolife feminism" appears to be an inherent contradiction in terms.
Yet more than 20 founding mothers of the feminist movement — who helped secure women's
rights to vote, to own property, to use contraception, to divorce abusive husbands — were
adamantly opposed to abortion.
The most famous nineteenth-century feminist — Susan B. Anthony, she of the ill-fated dollar
coin — referred to abortion as "the horrible crime of child-murder." And that's just for starters.
She also called it "infanticide," "this most monstrous crime," "evil," and a "dreadful deed."
Surprisingly, given that unsparing language, she didn't believe that it should be made illegal.
Responding to an article in which a man called for the outlawing of abortion, Anthony writes:
"Much as I deplore the horrible crime of child-murder, earnestly as I desire its suppression, I
cannot believe with the writer of the above-mentioned article, that such a law would have the
desired effect. It seems to be only mowing off the top of the noxious weed, while the root
remains."
The root, she believed, was the horrible way in which women (and
children) were treated. As summed up in the book Prolife
Feminism, these pioneering women felt that "abortion was the
product of a social system that compelled women to remain
ignorant about their bodies, that enabled men to dominate them
sexually without taking responsibility for the consequences, that
denied women support during and after the resulting pregnancies,
and that placed far more value on a child's 'legitimacy' than on his
or her life and well-being."
Indeed, while Anthony gave women a lot of grief for ending a pregnancy, she reserved the most
vitriol for the men who knocked them up:
Guilty? Yes, no matter what the motive, love of ease, or a desire to save from suffering the
unborn innocent, the woman is awfully guilty who commits the deed. It will burden her
conscience in life, it will burden her soul in death; but oh! thrice guilty is he who, for selfish
gratification, heedless of her prayers, indifferent to her fate, drove her to the desperation
which impelled her to her crime.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Anthony's best friend for life, resented society's dictate that all women
must become mothers. Yet she also thought that "maternity is grand," but it must be on the
woman's own terms. Despite this, she railed against abortion. Like her pal, she referred to
abortions as "murder," "a crying evil," "abominations," and "revolting outrages against the laws
of nature and our common humanity." Also like Anthony, Stanton laid the blame for abortion at
the feet of men.
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, lionized as the first US woman to become a medical doctor (in 1849),
wrote in her diary:
The gross perversion and destruction of motherhood by the abortionist filled me with
indignation, and awakened active antagonism. That the honorable term "female
physician" should be exclusively applied to those women who carried on this shocking
trade seemed to me a horror. It was an utter degradation of what might and should become
a noble position for women.
Another prolife feminist was Victoria Woodhull, best known for being the first female candidate
.for US President (way back in 1870). Radical even by early feminist standards, she and her
sister, Tennnessee Claflin, declared that children had rights which began at conception. Their
essay "The slaughter of the Innocents" first discusses the abominable death rate of children under
five, then turns its sights on abortion:
We are aware that many women attempt to excuse themselves for procuring abortions,
upon the ground that it is not murder. But the fact of resort to so weak an argument only
shows the more palpably that they fully realize the enormity of the crime. Is it not equally
destroying the would-be future oak, to crush the sprout before it pushes its head above the
sod, as it is to cut down the sapling, or cut down the tree? Is it not equally to destroy life, to
crush it in its very germ, and to take it when the germ has evolved to any given point in its
line of development? Let those who can see any difference regarding the time when life,
once begun, is taken, console themselves that they are not murderers having b««n
abortionists.
The Virginia Colonists Practiced Cannibalism
During the harsh winter of 1609-1610, British subjects in the famous colony of Jamestown,
Virginia, ate their dead and their shit. This fact doesn't make it into very many US history
textbooks, and the state's official Website apparently forgot to mention it in their history section.
When you think about it rationally, this fact should be a part of mainstream history. After all, it
demonstrates the strong will to survive among the colonists. It shows the mind-boggling
hardships they endured and overcame. Yet the taboo against eating these two items is so
over-powering that this episode can't be mentioned in conventional history.
Luckily, an unconventional historian, Howard Zinn, revealed this fact in his classic A People's
History of the United States. Food was so nonexistent during that winter, only 60 out of 500
colonists survived. A government document from that time gives the gruesome details:
Driven thru insufferable hunger to eat those things which nature most abhorred, the flesh
and excrements of man as well of our own nation as of an Indian, digged by some out of his
grave after he had lain buried three days and wholly devoured him; others, envying the
better state of body of any whom hunger has not yet so much wasted as their own, lay wait
and threatened to kill and eat them; one among them slew his wife as she slept in his
bosom, cut her in pieces, salted her and fed upon her till he had clean devoured all parts
saving her head.
Virginia, ate their dead and their shit. This fact doesn't make it into very many US history
textbooks, and the state's official Website apparently forgot to mention it in their history section.
When you think about it rationally, this fact should be a part of mainstream history. After all, it
demonstrates the strong will to survive among the colonists. It shows the mind-boggling
hardships they endured and overcame. Yet the taboo against eating these two items is so
over-powering that this episode can't be mentioned in conventional history.
Luckily, an unconventional historian, Howard Zinn, revealed this fact in his classic A People's
History of the United States. Food was so nonexistent during that winter, only 60 out of 500
colonists survived. A government document from that time gives the gruesome details:
Driven thru insufferable hunger to eat those things which nature most abhorred, the flesh
and excrements of man as well of our own nation as of an Indian, digged by some out of his
grave after he had lain buried three days and wholly devoured him; others, envying the
better state of body of any whom hunger has not yet so much wasted as their own, lay wait
and threatened to kill and eat them; one among them slew his wife as she slept in his
bosom, cut her in pieces, salted her and fed upon her till he had clean devoured all parts
saving her head.
Around One Quarter of "Witches" Were Men
The word "witch" has become synonymous with "woman accused of working magic," and the
consensus tells us that the witch trials in Europe and Colonial America were simply a war against
women (ie, "gendercide"). Most popular works on the subject ignore the men who were accused
and executed for supp-osedly practicing witchcraft. Academic works that don't omit male
witches usually explain them away, as if they were just a few special cases that don't really
count.
Into this gap step Andrew Gow, an associate professor of history at the University of Alberta,
and one of his grad students, Lara Apps. Their book Male Witches in Early Modern Europe
scours the literature and finds that, of the 110,000 people tried for witchcraft and the 60,000
executed from 1450 to 1750, some-where between 20 to 25 percent were men.
This is an average across Europe, the British Isles, and the American Colonies; the gender ratios
vary widely from place to place. The lowest percentages of males were persecuted in the Basel
region of Switzerland (5 percent) and in Hungary (10 percent). Places that hovered around the
50/50 mark were Finland (49 percent) and Burgundy (52 percent). Men were the clear majority
of "witches" in Estonia (60 percent) and Norway (73 percent). During Iceland's witch craze, from
1625 to 1685, an amazing 110 out of 120 "witches" were men, for a percentage of 92. As for
America, almost a third of those executed during the
infamous Salem witch trials (six out of nineteen) were men.
Besides bringing these numbers to light, professor Gow and
pupil Apps present serious challenges to the attempts to erase
male witches from the picture. For example, some writers
claim that the men were caught up in the hysteria solely
because they were related to accused women. In this
scenario, the men were only "secondary targets" ("collateral
damage," perhaps?). But in numerous instances men were
persecuted by themselves. In other cases, a woman became a
secondary target after her husband had been singled out as a
witch.
Although women were the overall majority of victims, the
"burning times" were pretty rough for men, too.
consensus tells us that the witch trials in Europe and Colonial America were simply a war against
women (ie, "gendercide"). Most popular works on the subject ignore the men who were accused
and executed for supp-osedly practicing witchcraft. Academic works that don't omit male
witches usually explain them away, as if they were just a few special cases that don't really
count.
Into this gap step Andrew Gow, an associate professor of history at the University of Alberta,
and one of his grad students, Lara Apps. Their book Male Witches in Early Modern Europe
scours the literature and finds that, of the 110,000 people tried for witchcraft and the 60,000
executed from 1450 to 1750, some-where between 20 to 25 percent were men.
This is an average across Europe, the British Isles, and the American Colonies; the gender ratios
vary widely from place to place. The lowest percentages of males were persecuted in the Basel
region of Switzerland (5 percent) and in Hungary (10 percent). Places that hovered around the
50/50 mark were Finland (49 percent) and Burgundy (52 percent). Men were the clear majority
of "witches" in Estonia (60 percent) and Norway (73 percent). During Iceland's witch craze, from
1625 to 1685, an amazing 110 out of 120 "witches" were men, for a percentage of 92. As for
America, almost a third of those executed during the
infamous Salem witch trials (six out of nineteen) were men.
Besides bringing these numbers to light, professor Gow and
pupil Apps present serious challenges to the attempts to erase
male witches from the picture. For example, some writers
claim that the men were caught up in the hysteria solely
because they were related to accused women. In this
scenario, the men were only "secondary targets" ("collateral
damage," perhaps?). But in numerous instances men were
persecuted by themselves. In other cases, a woman became a
secondary target after her husband had been singled out as a
witch.
Although women were the overall majority of victims, the
"burning times" were pretty rough for men, too.
Adolph Hitler's Blood Relatives Are Alive and Well in New York State
Adolph Hitler never had kids, so we tend to take for granted the idea that no one alive is closely
related to him. But historians have long known that he had a nephew who was born in Britain
and moved to the United States. Alois Hitler, Jr., was Adolph's older half-brother (their common
parent was Alois Sr). Alois Jr. — a waiter in Dublin — married an Irish woman, and, after
moving to Liverpool, they had a son, William Patrick Hitler.
Pat, as he was called, moved to Germany as a young adult to take advantage of his uncle's rising
political stature, but Adolph just gave him minor jobs and kept him out of the limelight. After
being subtly threatened by Rudolph Hess to become a German citizen, and having gotten tired of
being dissed by Adolph, Pat came to America in 1939 and went on a lecture tour around the US,
denouncing his uncle. (For his part, Adolph referred to his nephew as "loathsome.") While
World War II was raging, Pat joined the US Navy, so he could fight against Uncle Adolph.
Afterwards, he changed his last name, and this is where the trail goes cold.
That is, until US-based British reporter David Gardner was assigned to track down and interview
William Patrick. Originally given two weeks to file the story, Gardner realized that finding
Hitler's long-lost nephew was tougher than it first appeared. He worked on the story during his
spare time for several years, unearthing old news clippings, filing requests for government
documents, interviewing possible relatives, and chasing a lot of dead ends.
He finally discovered that William Patrick had ended up in a small town in Long Island, New
York. Pat had died in 1987, but Gardner showed up unannounced on the doorstep of his widow,
Phyllis, who confirmed that her late husband was Adolph Hitler's nephew. She also mentioned
that she and Pat had sons, but she quickly clammed up and asked Gardner to leave. The two
never spoke again.
After more legwork, Gardner found that Pat and Phyllis produced four children, all sons. The
eldest, born in 1949, is named Alexander Adolph. (Just why Pat would name his firstborn after
his detested uncle is one of many mysteries still surrounding the Hitler kin.) Then came Louis in
1951, Howard (1957), and Brian (1965). Howard — a fraud investigator for the IRS — died in a
car crash w 1989, and Louis and Brian continue to run a landscaping business in the small New
York community. Alex lives in a larger Long Island city. He twice spoke to Gardner but didn't
reveal very much, saying that the family's ancestry is "a pain in the ass." Alex said that his
brothers made a pact never to have children, in order to spare their progeny the burden of being
related to a monster. He denied having made such a vow himself, despite the fact that he is still
childless.
Gardner sums it up: "Although there are some distant relations living equally quiet lives in
Austria, the three American sons are the only descendants of the paternal line of the family. They
are, truly, the last of the Hitlers."
related to him. But historians have long known that he had a nephew who was born in Britain
and moved to the United States. Alois Hitler, Jr., was Adolph's older half-brother (their common
parent was Alois Sr). Alois Jr. — a waiter in Dublin — married an Irish woman, and, after
moving to Liverpool, they had a son, William Patrick Hitler.
Pat, as he was called, moved to Germany as a young adult to take advantage of his uncle's rising
political stature, but Adolph just gave him minor jobs and kept him out of the limelight. After
being subtly threatened by Rudolph Hess to become a German citizen, and having gotten tired of
being dissed by Adolph, Pat came to America in 1939 and went on a lecture tour around the US,
denouncing his uncle. (For his part, Adolph referred to his nephew as "loathsome.") While
World War II was raging, Pat joined the US Navy, so he could fight against Uncle Adolph.
Afterwards, he changed his last name, and this is where the trail goes cold.
That is, until US-based British reporter David Gardner was assigned to track down and interview
William Patrick. Originally given two weeks to file the story, Gardner realized that finding
Hitler's long-lost nephew was tougher than it first appeared. He worked on the story during his
spare time for several years, unearthing old news clippings, filing requests for government
documents, interviewing possible relatives, and chasing a lot of dead ends.
He finally discovered that William Patrick had ended up in a small town in Long Island, New
York. Pat had died in 1987, but Gardner showed up unannounced on the doorstep of his widow,
Phyllis, who confirmed that her late husband was Adolph Hitler's nephew. She also mentioned
that she and Pat had sons, but she quickly clammed up and asked Gardner to leave. The two
never spoke again.
After more legwork, Gardner found that Pat and Phyllis produced four children, all sons. The
eldest, born in 1949, is named Alexander Adolph. (Just why Pat would name his firstborn after
his detested uncle is one of many mysteries still surrounding the Hitler kin.) Then came Louis in
1951, Howard (1957), and Brian (1965). Howard — a fraud investigator for the IRS — died in a
car crash w 1989, and Louis and Brian continue to run a landscaping business in the small New
York community. Alex lives in a larger Long Island city. He twice spoke to Gardner but didn't
reveal very much, saying that the family's ancestry is "a pain in the ass." Alex said that his
brothers made a pact never to have children, in order to spare their progeny the burden of being
related to a monster. He denied having made such a vow himself, despite the fact that he is still
childless.
Gardner sums it up: "Although there are some distant relations living equally quiet lives in
Austria, the three American sons are the only descendants of the paternal line of the family. They
are, truly, the last of the Hitlers."
The Auschwitz Tattoo Was Originally an IBM Code Number
The tattooed numbers on the forearms of people held and killed in Nazi concentration camps
have become a chilling symbol of hatred. Victims were stamped with the indelible number in a
dehumanizing effort to keep track of them like widgets in the supply chain.
These numbers obviously weren't chosen at random. They were part of a coded system, with
each number tracked as the unlucky person who bore it was moved through the system.
Edwin Black made headlines in 2001 when his painstakingly researched book, IBM and the
Holocaust, showed that IBM machines were used to automate the "Final Solution" and the
jackbooted takeover of Europe. Worse, he showed that the top levels of the company either knew
or willfully turned a blind eye.
A year and a half after that book gave Big Blue a black eye, the author made more startling
discoveries. IBM equipment was on-site at the Auschwitz concentration camp. Furthermore:
Thanks to the new discoveries, researchers can now trace how Hollerith numbers assigned
to inmates evolved into the horrific tattooed numbers so symbolic of the Nazi era. (Herman
Hollerith was the German American who first automated US census information in the late
19th century and founded the company that became IBM. Hollerith's name became
synonymous with the machines and the Nazi "departments" that operated them.) In one
case, records show, a timber merchant from Bendzin, Poland, arrived at Auschwitz in
August 1943 and was assigned a characteristic five-digit IBM Hollerith number, 44673. The
number was part of a custom punch-card system devised by IBM to track prisoners in all
Nazi concentration camps, including the slave labor at Auschwitz. Later in the summer of
1943, the Polish timber merchant's same five-digit Hollerith number, 44673, was tattooed
on his forearm. Eventually, during the summer of 1943, all non-Germans at Auschwitz
were similarly tattooed.
The Hollerith numbering system was soon scrapped at Auschwitz because so many inmates died.
Eventually, the Nazis developed their own haphazard system.
have become a chilling symbol of hatred. Victims were stamped with the indelible number in a
dehumanizing effort to keep track of them like widgets in the supply chain.
These numbers obviously weren't chosen at random. They were part of a coded system, with
each number tracked as the unlucky person who bore it was moved through the system.
Edwin Black made headlines in 2001 when his painstakingly researched book, IBM and the
Holocaust, showed that IBM machines were used to automate the "Final Solution" and the
jackbooted takeover of Europe. Worse, he showed that the top levels of the company either knew
or willfully turned a blind eye.
A year and a half after that book gave Big Blue a black eye, the author made more startling
discoveries. IBM equipment was on-site at the Auschwitz concentration camp. Furthermore:
Thanks to the new discoveries, researchers can now trace how Hollerith numbers assigned
to inmates evolved into the horrific tattooed numbers so symbolic of the Nazi era. (Herman
Hollerith was the German American who first automated US census information in the late
19th century and founded the company that became IBM. Hollerith's name became
synonymous with the machines and the Nazi "departments" that operated them.) In one
case, records show, a timber merchant from Bendzin, Poland, arrived at Auschwitz in
August 1943 and was assigned a characteristic five-digit IBM Hollerith number, 44673. The
number was part of a custom punch-card system devised by IBM to track prisoners in all
Nazi concentration camps, including the slave labor at Auschwitz. Later in the summer of
1943, the Polish timber merchant's same five-digit Hollerith number, 44673, was tattooed
on his forearm. Eventually, during the summer of 1943, all non-Germans at Auschwitz
were similarly tattooed.
The Hollerith numbering system was soon scrapped at Auschwitz because so many inmates died.
Eventually, the Nazis developed their own haphazard system.
Winston Churchill Believed in a Worldwide Jewish Conspiracy
Like Henry Ford, Britain's larger-than-life wartime Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, believed
that a group of "international Jews" was striving to take over the world. On February 8, 1920, the
Illustrated Sunday Herald (published in London) ran an article by Churchill. Its title: "Zionism
Versus Bolshevism: A Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish People." At the time, Winnie was
Secretary of State for War and Air and had already been a prominent Member of Parliament.
Churchill didn't slam all Jews; rather, he painted them as a people of two extremes. "The conflict
between good and evil which proceeds unceasingly in the breast of man nowhere reaches such an
intensity as in the Jewish race. The dual nature of mankind is nowhere more strongly or more
terribly exemplified.... It would almost seem as if the gospel of Christ and the gospel of
Antichrist ware destined to originate among the same people; and that this mystic and mysterious
race had been chosen for the supreme manifestations, both of the divine and the diabolical."
He identifies three strains of political thought among the world's Jews: Nationalism, in which a
Jewish person identifies first and foremost with the country in which he or she lives. Zionism, in
j which a Jewish person wants a country specifically for Jews (Israel would be formed 28 years
after Winnie's essay). These are both honorable, says Churchill, unlike the third option — the
terrorism and atheistic communism of "International Jews." He writes:
International Jews
In violent opposition to all this sphere of Jewish effort rise the schemes of the International
Jews. The adherents of this sinister confederacy are mostly men reared up among the
unhappy populations of countries where Jews are persecuted on account of their race.
Most, if not all, of them have forsaken the faith of their forefathers, and divorced from
their minds all spiritual hopes of the next world. This movement among the Jews is not
new. From the days of Spartacus-Weishaupt to those of Karl Marx, and down to Trotsky
(Russia), Bela Kun (Hungary), Rosa Luxembourg (Germany), and Emma Goldman
(United States), this world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilization and for the
reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and
impossible equality, has been steadily growing. It played, as a modern writer, Mrs.
Webster, has so ably shown, a definitely recognizable part in the tragedy of the French
Revolution. It has been the mainspring of every subversive movement during the
Nineteenth Century; and now at last this band of extraordinary personalities from the
underworld of the great cities of Europe and America have gripped the Russian people by
the hair of their heads and have become practically the undisputed masters of that
enormous empire.
Terrorist Jews
There is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of Bolshevism and In the
actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution, by these international and for the most
part atheistical Jews, it is certainly a very great one; it probably outweighs all others. With
the notable exception of Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. Moreover, the
principal inspiration and driving power comes from the Jewish leaders. Thus Tchitcherin,
a pure Russian, is eclipsed by his nominal subordinate Litvinoff, and the influence of
Russians like Bukharin or Lunacharski cannot be compared with the power of Trotsky, or
of Zinovieff, the Dictator of the Red Citadel (Petrograd) or of Krassin or Radek — all
Jews. In the Soviet institutions the predominance of Jews is even more astonishing. And the
prominent, if not indeed the principal, part in the system of terrorism applied by the
Extraordinary Commissions for Combating Counter-Revolution has been taken by Jews,
and in some notable cases by Jewesses. The same evil prominence was obtained by Jews in
the brief period of terror during which Bela Kun ruled in Hungary. The same phenomenon
has been presented in Germany (especially in Bavaria), so far as this madness has been
allowed to prey upon the temporary prostration of the German people. Although in all
these countries there are many non-Jews every whit as bad as the worst of the Jewish
revolutionaries, the part played by the latter in proportion to their numbers in the
population is astonishing.
Naturally, Churchill's admirers aren't exactly proud of this essay, which has led some of them to
question its authenticity. However, the leading Churchill bibliographer, Frederick Woods, has
pronounced the article genuine, listing it in his authoritative A Bibliography of the Works of Sir
Winston Churchill.
that a group of "international Jews" was striving to take over the world. On February 8, 1920, the
Illustrated Sunday Herald (published in London) ran an article by Churchill. Its title: "Zionism
Versus Bolshevism: A Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish People." At the time, Winnie was
Secretary of State for War and Air and had already been a prominent Member of Parliament.
Churchill didn't slam all Jews; rather, he painted them as a people of two extremes. "The conflict
between good and evil which proceeds unceasingly in the breast of man nowhere reaches such an
intensity as in the Jewish race. The dual nature of mankind is nowhere more strongly or more
terribly exemplified.... It would almost seem as if the gospel of Christ and the gospel of
Antichrist ware destined to originate among the same people; and that this mystic and mysterious
race had been chosen for the supreme manifestations, both of the divine and the diabolical."
He identifies three strains of political thought among the world's Jews: Nationalism, in which a
Jewish person identifies first and foremost with the country in which he or she lives. Zionism, in
j which a Jewish person wants a country specifically for Jews (Israel would be formed 28 years
after Winnie's essay). These are both honorable, says Churchill, unlike the third option — the
terrorism and atheistic communism of "International Jews." He writes:
International Jews
In violent opposition to all this sphere of Jewish effort rise the schemes of the International
Jews. The adherents of this sinister confederacy are mostly men reared up among the
unhappy populations of countries where Jews are persecuted on account of their race.
Most, if not all, of them have forsaken the faith of their forefathers, and divorced from
their minds all spiritual hopes of the next world. This movement among the Jews is not
new. From the days of Spartacus-Weishaupt to those of Karl Marx, and down to Trotsky
(Russia), Bela Kun (Hungary), Rosa Luxembourg (Germany), and Emma Goldman
(United States), this world-wide conspiracy for the overthrow of civilization and for the
reconstitution of society on the basis of arrested development, of envious malevolence, and
impossible equality, has been steadily growing. It played, as a modern writer, Mrs.
Webster, has so ably shown, a definitely recognizable part in the tragedy of the French
Revolution. It has been the mainspring of every subversive movement during the
Nineteenth Century; and now at last this band of extraordinary personalities from the
underworld of the great cities of Europe and America have gripped the Russian people by
the hair of their heads and have become practically the undisputed masters of that
enormous empire.
Terrorist Jews
There is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of Bolshevism and In the
actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution, by these international and for the most
part atheistical Jews, it is certainly a very great one; it probably outweighs all others. With
the notable exception of Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. Moreover, the
principal inspiration and driving power comes from the Jewish leaders. Thus Tchitcherin,
a pure Russian, is eclipsed by his nominal subordinate Litvinoff, and the influence of
Russians like Bukharin or Lunacharski cannot be compared with the power of Trotsky, or
of Zinovieff, the Dictator of the Red Citadel (Petrograd) or of Krassin or Radek — all
Jews. In the Soviet institutions the predominance of Jews is even more astonishing. And the
prominent, if not indeed the principal, part in the system of terrorism applied by the
Extraordinary Commissions for Combating Counter-Revolution has been taken by Jews,
and in some notable cases by Jewesses. The same evil prominence was obtained by Jews in
the brief period of terror during which Bela Kun ruled in Hungary. The same phenomenon
has been presented in Germany (especially in Bavaria), so far as this madness has been
allowed to prey upon the temporary prostration of the German people. Although in all
these countries there are many non-Jews every whit as bad as the worst of the Jewish
revolutionaries, the part played by the latter in proportion to their numbers in the
population is astonishing.
Naturally, Churchill's admirers aren't exactly proud of this essay, which has led some of them to
question its authenticity. However, the leading Churchill bibliographer, Frederick Woods, has
pronounced the article genuine, listing it in his authoritative A Bibliography of the Works of Sir
Winston Churchill.
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